# First, a simple todo list contract
# Implements CRUD operations for tasks

# todo.vy (note .vy extension)
### **** START EXAMPLE **** ###

# Start with Natspec comment
# used for documentation

# @title SimpleBank v1
# @author kennyp
# @notice This is a simple bank.

# Vyper contracts must obey a particular order:
#   struct -> interface -> events -> globals and constants -> functions
# Additionally, like Python, Vyper functions must be defined in the file
#    before they're called.

# Structs

struct Task:
    done: bool
    deleted: bool
    task: string[100]
    metadata: bytes32

# Interfaces

contract AnotherContract():
    def fetch() -> bytes32: constant
    def inform(_taskId: uint256, _status: uint256) -> bool: modifying

# Events

# Events - publicize actions to external listeners
# `indexed` means that it's easier to search/filter on this field
TaskStatus: event({_taskId: indexed(uint256), _status: uint256})

# Global Variables

# State variables are values which are permanently stored in contract storage
# State vars consist of any value persisting beyond any function's scope
#   and are permanently stored in contract storage

# You can define your own, custom, unmutable constants
CREATED: constant(uint256) = 0
COMPLETED: constant(uint256) = 1
DELETED: constant(uint256) = 2

# The `public` built-in allows for this address to be read externally
#   without defining a `get()` constant function
owner: public(address)
other: public(address)

# uint256 means "unsigned positive integer between 0 and 2^256 - 1"
# Overflow protection is built-in to Vyper
taskCount: uint256
tasks: map(uint256, Task) # dictionary: key=uint256, value: Task struct

# Private Functions

# Start each function with Pythonic decorators
# These decorators resemble Natspec but are actually enforced by Vyper's compiler
# These decorators are:
# @public XOR @private (either one or the other)
#   @public (if any contract/user can call it)
#   @private (if only internal functions can call it)
# @payable (if the function is payable i.e. accepting ETH)
# @constant (if the function is not modifying anything on-chain)
@private
def _changeTaskStatus( \
        _sender: address, \
        _taskId: uint256, \
        _status: uint256, \
    ):
    # backslashes (\) allow for multi-line code
    # Natspec comments are particularly helpful for documentation and readability
    # Natspec can be included using familiar Pythonic docstring syntax
    """
    @notice
    @dev `_sender` MUST be `self.owner`
    @param _sender Who is triggering this function
    @param _task The description of the task (only useful when task added)
    """
    # NOTE: Private functions do not have access to `msg.sender`
    # SIDE NOTE: `msg.sender` refers to whoever immediately called the function of
    #   immediate scope. In other words, if I call a function that calls another
    #   in-contract, public function, then `msg.sender` turns from my address to
    #   the address of the current contract.
    assert _sender == self.owner # failed assertions cause calls/transactions to fail
    # Note that unlike Solidity, `self.` is required to query the contract's state
    # Control flow is Pythonic, as is much of Vyper:
    _task: string[100] # initialized to default value
    _data: bytes32 = sha3(convert(_sender, bytes32)) # owner is obfuscated (but still visible in logs)
    if _status == CREATED: # control flow mimics python
        # How a new struct is instantiated:
        self.tasks[_taskId] = Task({ \
            done: False, deleted: False, task: _task, metadata: _data \
        })
    elif _status == COMPLETED:
        # Modifying an existing struct:
        self.tasks[_taskId].done = True
    elif _status == DELETED:
        self.tasks[_taskId].deleted = True
    AnotherContract(self.other).inform(_taskId, _status) # modifying external call
    log.TaskStatus(_taskId, _status) # emit an event

# Public Functions

# Pythonic constructor - can receive none or many arguments
@public
def __init__(_owner: address, _other_contract: address):
    """
    @dev Called once and only upon contract depoyment
    """
    self.owner = _owner
    self.other = _other_contract

# NOTE: Pythonic whitespace rules are mandated in Vyper

@public
def addTask(_task: string[100]) -> uint256:
    """
    @notice Adds a task to contract
    @param _task Description of task
    @return Id of newly minted task
    """
    # msg.sender gives the address of who/what contract is calling this function
    self._changeTaskStatus(msg.sender, self.taskCount, CREATED)
    self.tasks[self.taskCount].task = _task
    self.taskCount += 1
    return self.taskCount - 1

@public
def addSpecialTask(_task: string[100]) -> uint256:
    """
    @notice Adds a task with metadata pulled from elsewhere
    @param _task Description of task
    @return Id of newly minted task
    """
    self._changeTaskStatus(msg.sender, self.taskCount, CREATED)
    self.tasks[self.taskCount].task = _task
    self.tasks[self.taskCount].metadata = AnotherContract(self.other).fetch()
    self.taskCount += 1
    return self.taskCount - 1

@public
def completeTask(_taskId: uint256):
    """
    @notice Marks a task as "completed"
    @param _taskId Id of task to complete
    """
    self._changeTaskStatus(msg.sender, _taskId, COMPLETED)

@public
def deleteTask(_taskId: uint256):
    """
    @notice Adds a task to contract
    @param _taskId Id of task to delete
    """
    self._changeTaskStatus(msg.sender, _taskId, DELETED)

@public
@constant # allows function to run locally/off blockchain
def getTask(_taskId: uint256) -> string[100]:
    """
    @notice Getter for a task's description
    @param _taskId Id of task with desired description
    @return Description of task
    """
    return self.tasks[_taskId].task

### **** END EXAMPLE **** ###


# Now, the basics of Vyper


# ---


# 1. DATA TYPES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
# uint256 used for currency amount and for dates (in unix time)
x: uint256

# int of 128 bits, cannot be changed after contract deployment
# with 'constant', compiler replaces each occurrence with actual value
a: constant(int128) = 5

# All state variables (those outside a function)
#   are by default 'internal' and accessible inside contract
# Need to explicitly set to 'public' to allow external contracts to access
#   A getter is automatically created, but NOT a setter
# Can only be called in the contract's scope (not within functions)
# Add 'public' field to indicate publicly/externally accessible
a: public(int128)

# No random functions built in, use other contracts for randomness

# Type casting is limited but exists
b: int128 = 5
x: uint256 = convert(b, uint256)

# Types of accounts:
# Contract Account: f(creator_addr, num_transactions)=address set on contract creation
# External Account: (person/external entity): f(public_key)=address

# Addresses - An address type can hold an Ethereum address which
#   equates to 20 bytes or 160 bits. It returns in hexadecimal notation
#   with a leading 0x. No arithmetic allowed
owner: public(address)

# Members can be invoked on all addresses:
owner.balance # returns balance of address as `wei_value`
owner.codesize # returns code size of address as `int128`
owner.is_contract # `True` if Contract Account

# All addresses can be sent ether via `send()` built-in
@public
@payable
def sendWei(any_addr: address):
    send(any_addr, msg.value)

# Bytes available
a: bytes[2]
b: bytes[32]
c: bytes32
# `b` and `c` are 2 different types

# Bytes are preferable to strings since Vyper currently offers better
#   support for bytes i.e. more built-ins to deal with `bytes32`, `bytes32`
#   can be returned from functions and strings[] can't be, UTF8 (string encoding)
#   uses more storage, etc.

# There are no dynamically sized bytes, similar to how there are no
#   dynamic arrays

# Fixed-size byte arrays (Strings)
a: string[100]
b: string[8]
c: string[108] = concat(a, b) # check the latest docs for more built-ins

# Time
t1: timedelta
t2: timestamp
# Both types are built-in "custom type" variants of `uint256`
# `timedelta` values can be added but not `timestamp` values

# Money
m: wei_value
# Also has the base type `uint256` like `timestamp` and `timedelta`
# 1 unit of WEI (a small amount of ETH i.e. ether)

# Custom types
# specify units used in the contract:
units: {
    cm: "centimeter",
    km: "kilometer"
}
# usage:
a: int128(cm)
b: uint256(km)

# BY DEFAULT: all values are set to 0 on instantiation

# `clear()` can be called on most types
#   Does NOT destroy value, but sets value to 0, the initial value


# ---


# 2. DATA STRUCTURES
# Arrays
bytes32[5] nicknames; # static array
bytes32[] names; # dynamic array
uint newLength = names.push("John"); # adding returns new length of the array
# Length
names.length; # get length
names.length = 1; # lengths can be set (for dynamic arrays in storage only)

# Multidimensional Arrays
# At initialization, array dimensions must be hard-coded or constants
# Initialize a 10-column by 3-row, multidimensional fixed array
ls: (uint256[10])[3] # parentheses are optional
@public
def setToThree():
    # Multidimensional Array Access and Write
    # access indices are reversed
    # set element in row 2 (3rd row) column 5 (6th column) to 3
    self.ls[2][5] = 3

# Dictionaries (any simple type to any other type including structs)
theMap: map(uint256, bytes32)
theMap[5] = sha3("charles")
# theMap[255] result is 0, all non-set key values return zeroes
# To make read public, make a getter that accesses the mapping
@public
def getMap(_idx: uint256) -> bytes32:
    """
    @notice Get the value of `theMap` at `_idx`
    """
    return self.theMap[_idx]

self.getMap(5) # returns sha3("charles") in bytes32

# Nested mappings
aMap: map(address, map(address, uint256))
# NOTE: Mappings are only allowed as state variables
# NOTE: Mappings are not iterable; can only be accessed

# To delete (reset the mapping's value to default at a key)
clear(balances["John"])
clear(balances); # sets all elements to 0

# Unlike other languages, CANNOT iterate through all elements in
#   mapping, without knowing source keys - can build data structure
#   on top to do this

# Structs
struct Struct:
    owner: address
    _balance: uint256 # balance is a reserved keyword, is a member for addresses

exampleStruct: Struct

@public
def foo() -> uint256:
    self.exampleStruct = Struct({owner: msg.sender, _balance: 5})
    self.exampleStruct._balance = 10
    self.exampleStruct._balance = 5 # set to new value
    clear(self.exampleStruct._balance)
    clear(self.exampleStruct)
    return self.exampleStruct._balance


# Data locations: Memory vs. storage vs. calldata - all complex types (arrays,
# structs) have a data location
# 'memory' does not persist, 'storage' does
# Default is 'storage' for local and state variables; 'memory' for func params
# stack holds small local variables

# for most types, can explicitly set which data location to use


# ---


# 3. SIMPLE OPERATORS
# Comparisons, bit operators and arithmetic operators are provided
# exponentiation: **
# modulo: %
# maximum: max(x, y)
# AND: bitwise_and(x, y)
# bitwise shift: shift(x, _shift)
#   where x,y are uint256
#         _shift is int128

# 4. GLOBAL VARIABLES OF NOTE
# ** self **
self # address of contract
# often used at end of contract life to transfer remaining balance to party:
self.balance # balance of current contract
self.someFunction() # calls func externally via call, not via internal jump

# ** msg - Current message received by the contract **
# Ethereum programmers take NOTE: this `msg` object is smaller than elsewhere
msg.sender # address of sender
msg.value # amount of ether provided to this contract in wei, the function should be marked `@payable`
msg.gas # remaining gas

# ** tx - This transaction **
# Ethereum programmers take NOTE: this `tx` object is smaller than elsewhere
tx.origin # address of sender of the transaction

# ** block - Information about current block **
block.timestamp # time at current block (uses Unix time)
# Note that `block.timestamp` can be manipulated by miners, so be careful
block.number # current block number
block.difficulty # current block difficulty

# ** storage - Persistent storage hash **
storage['abc'] = 'def'; # maps 256 bit words to 256 bit words


# ---


# 5. FUNCTIONS AND MORE

# A. FUNCTIONS
# Simple function
function increment(uint x) returns (uint) {
    x += 1;
    return x;
}

# Functions can return many arguments
@public
@constant
def increment(x: uint256, y: uint256) -> (uint256, uint256):
    x += 1
    y += 1
    return  (x, y)

# Call previous function
@public
@constant
def willCall() -> (uint256, uint256):
    return  self.increment(1,1)

# One should never have to call a function / hold any logic outside
#   outside the scope of a function in Vyper

# '@constant'
# indicates that function does not/cannot change persistent vars
# Constant function execute locally, not on blockchain
y: uint256
@public
@constant
def increment(x: uint256) -> uint256:
    x += 1
    y += 1 # this line would fail
    # y is a state variable => can't be changed in a constant function


# 'Function Decorators'
# Used like python decorators but are REQUIRED by Vyper
# @public - visible externally and internally (default for function)
# @private - only visible in the current contract
# @constant - doesn't change state
# @payable - receive ether/ETH
# @nonrentant(<unique_key>) - Function can only be called once, both externally
#                             and internally. Used to prevent reentrancy attacks

# Functions hare not hoisted
# Functions cannot be assigned to a variable
# Functions cannot be recursive

# All functions that receive ether must be marked 'payable'
@public
@payable
def depositEther():
    self.balances[msg.sender] += msg.value


# B. EVENTS
# Events are notify external parties; easy to search and
#   access events from outside blockchain (with lightweight clients)
#   typically declare after contract parameters

# Declare
LogSent: event({_from: indexed(address), address: indexed(_to), _amount: uint256})
# Call
log.LogSent(from, to, amount)

/**
For an external party (a contract or external entity), to watch using
the Web3 Javascript library:

# The following is Javascript code, not Vyper code
Coin.LogSent().watch({}, '', function(error, result) {
    if (!error) {
        console.log("Coin transfer: " + result.args.amount +
            " coins were sent from " + result.args.from +
            " to " + result.args.to + ".");
        console.log("Balances now:\n" +
            "Sender: " + Coin.balances.call(result.args.from) +
            "Receiver: " + Coin.balances.call(result.args.to));
    }
}
**/

# Common paradigm for one contract to depend on another (e.g., a
#   contract that depends on current exchange rate provided by another)


# ---


# 6. BRANCHING AND LOOPS

# All basic logic blocks from Python work - including if/elif/else, for,
#   while, break, continue, return - but no switch

# Syntax same as Python, but no type conversion from non-boolean
# to boolean (comparison operators must be used to get the boolean val)

# REMEMBER: Vyper does not allow resursive calls or infinite loops


# ---


# 7. OBJECTS/CONTRACTS
# REMEMBER: Vyper does not allow for inheritance or imports

# A. CALLING EXTERNAL CONTRACTS
# You must define an interface to an external contract in the current contract

contract InfoFeed():
    def getInfo() -> uint256: constant

info: uint256

@public
def __init__(_source: address):
    self.info = InfoFeed(_source).getInfo()


# B. ERC20 BUILT-IN
# Using the `ERC20` keyword implies that the contract at the address
#   follows the ERC20 token standard, allowing you to safely call
#   functions like `transfer()`, etc.

tokenAddress: address(ERC20)

@public
def transferIt(_to: address, _amt: uint256(wei)):
    self.tokenAddress.transfer(_to, _amt)


# C. FOLLOWING AN INTERFACE
# Vyper is experimenting with using the following syntax at the top of
#   a `.vy` file to specify what interfaces are followed by the contract
# This allows interfaces to be better organized, registered, and recognized

import interfaces.some_interface as SomeInterface
implements: SomeInterface
# <rest of contract>


# ---


# 8. OTHER KEYWORDS

# A. selfdestruct()
# selfdestruct current contract, sending funds to address (often creator)
selfdestruct(SOME_ADDRESS);

# removes storage/code from current/future blocks
# helps thin clients, but previous data persists in blockchain

# Common pattern, lets owner end the contract and receive remaining funds
@public
def endItAll() {
    assert msg.sender == self.creator # Only let the contract creator do this
    selfdestruct(self.creator) # Makes contract inactive, returns funds

# May want to deactivate contract manually, rather than selfdestruct
#   (ether sent to selfdestructed contract is lost)


# B. sha3()
# Encrypts strings and other data
# Very important on the blockchain
# Takes 1 argument, `concat()` can be called beforehand
# All strings passed are concatenated before hash action
sha3(concat("ab", "cd")) # returns bytes32


# ---


# 9. CONTRACT DESIGN NOTES

# A. Obfuscation
# All variables are publicly viewable on blockchain, so anything
#   that is private needs to be obfuscated (e.g., hashed w/secret)
# Oftentimes, a "commit-reveal" scheme is employed

# Step 1. Commit
# Place a commitment by sending output of `sha3()`
sha3("a secret"); # bytes32 commit
sha3(concat("secret", "other secret", "salt")); # commit multiple things
# The `sha3()` calculation should occur off-chain, only the bytes32
#   output should be inputted into some `commit()` function
commits: map(address, bytes32)
@public
def commit(commitment: bytes32):
    self.commits[msg.sender] = commitment

# Step 2. Reveal
# Send your previously committed data so the contract can check
#   if your commitment was honest
@public
def reveal(_secret: string[100], _salt: string[100]) -> bool:
    return sha3(concat(_secret, _salt)) == self.commits[msg.sender]


# B. Storage optimization
# Writing to blockchain can be expensive, as data stored forever; encourages
#   smart ways to use memory (eventually, compilation will be better, but for now
#   benefits to planning data structures - and storing min amount in blockchain)

# Cost can often be high for items like multidimensional arrays
#   (cost is for storing data - not declaring unfilled variables)


# C. Data access in blockchain
# Cannot restrict human or computer from reading contents of
#   transaction or transaction's state

# While 'private' prevents other *contracts* from reading data
#   directly - any other party can still read data in blockchain

# All data to start of time is stored in blockchain, so
#   anyone can observe all previous data and changes


# D. Cron Job
# Contracts must be manually called to handle time-based scheduling;
#   can create external code to regularly ping or provide incentives
#   (ether) for others to ping


# E. Observer Pattern
# An Observer Pattern lets you register as a subscriber and
#   register a function which is called by the oracle (note, the oracle
#   pays for this action to be run)
# Some similarities to subscription in Pub/sub

# This is an abstract contract, both client and server classes import,
#   the client should implement

### **** START EXAMPLE **** ###

contract SomeOracleCallback():
    def oracleCallback(_value: uint256, _time: timestamp, _info: bytes32): modifying

MAX_SUBS: constant(uint256) = 100
numSubs: public(uint256) # number of subscribers
subs: map(uint256, address) # enumerates subscribers

@public
def addSub(_sub: address) -> uint256:
    """
    @notice Add subscriber
    @param _sub Address to add
    @return Id of newly added subscriber
    """
    self.subs[self.numSubs] = _sub
    self.numSubs += 1
    return self.numSubs - 1

@private
def notify(_value: uint256, _time: timestamp, _info: bytes32) -> bool:
    """
    @notice Notify all subscribers
    @dev Check `numSubs` first; Watch out for gas costs!
    @param _value whatever
    @param _time what have you
    @param _info what else
    @return True upon successful completion
    """
    j: uint256
    for i in range(MAX_SUBS):
        j = convert(i, uint256) # `i` is int128 by default
        if j == self.numSubs:
            return True
        SomeOracleCallback(self.subs[j]).oracleCallback(_value, _time, _info)

@public
def doSomething():
    """
    @notice Do something and notify subscribers
    """
    # ...something...
    whatever: uint256 = 6
    what_have_you: timestamp
    what_else: bytes32 = sha3("6")
    self.notify(whatever, what_have_you, what_else)

# Now, your client contract can addSubscriber by importing SomeOracleCallback
# and registering with Some Oracle

### **** END EXAMPLE **** ###


# ---


# 10. SECURITY
# Bugs can be disastrous in Ethereum contracts - and even popular patterns in
#   Vyper may be found to be antipatterns

# See security links at the end of this doc


# ---


# 11. STYLE NOTES
# Based on Python's PEP8 style guide
# Full Style guide: http:#solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/style-guide.html

# Quick summary:
# 4 spaces for indentation
# Two lines separate contract declarations (and other top level declarations)
# Avoid extraneous spaces in parentheses
# Can omit curly braces for one line statement (if, for, etc)
# else should be placed on own line

# Specific to Vyper:
# arguments: snake_case
# events, interfaces, structs: PascalCase
# public functions: camelCase
# private functions: _prefaceWithUnderscore


# ---


# 12. NATSPEC COMMENTS
# used for documentation, commenting, and external UIs

# Contract natspec - always above contract definition
# @title Contract title
# @author Author name

# Function natspec
# Should include in docstring of functions in typical Pythonic fashion
# @notice Information about what function does; shown when function to execute
# @dev Function documentation for developer

# Function parameter/return value natspec
# @param someParam Some description of what the param does
# @return Description of the return value